Struggling To interpret  investigations of retinal diseases?

👁️ Introduction
- Definition of Fundus Fluorescein Angiography
- General principles of the procedure
- Importance of the dynamic of fluorescein dye

👁️ Normal FFA Phases
- Choroidal flush
- Arterial phase
- Arteriovenous phase
- Venous phase
- Mid phase
- Late phase

👁️ Assessing FFA
- Different types of abnormalities seen in FFA
- Hypofluorescence with filling defect
- Hypofluorescence with blocking fluorescence
- Autofluorescence
- Hyperfluorescence with window defect, leakage, pooling, and staining

👁️ Retinal Vascular Diseases
- Fundus Fluorescein Angiography in Diabetic retinopathy
- Fundus Fluorescein Angiography in Retinal Vein Occlusion
- Fundus Fluorescein Angiography in Retinal Artery Occlusion

👁️ Other Retinal Diseases
- Fundus Fluorescein Angiography in Hypertensive retinopathy & Retinal Macroaneursyms
- Fundus Fluorescein Angiography in Macular telangiectasia
- Fundus Fluorescein Angiography in Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)

👁️ Conclusion
- Importance and usefulness of Fundus Fluorescein Angiography
- Potential benefits for patients with retinal diseases.

👁️ Introduction
A. Explanation of Fundus Fluorescein Angiography
B. Importance of Fundus Fluorescein Angiography in eye diagnosis

👁️ Fundus Fluorescein Angiography for Bruch’s membrane choroidal vasculopathy
A. Explanation of Bruch’s membrane choroidal vasculopathy
B. Importance of Fundus Fluorescein Angiography in Bruch’s membrane choroidal vasculopathy diagnosis

👁️ Fundus Fluorescein Angiography for Age-related Macular degeneration
A. Explanation of Age-related Macular degeneration
B. Importance of Fundus Fluorescein Angiography in Age-related Macular degeneration diagnosis

👁️ Fundus Fluorescein Angiography for Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
A. Explanation of Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
B. Importance of Fundus Fluorescein Angiography in Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy diagnosis

👁️ Fundus Fluorescein Angiography for Central Serous Chorioretinopathy (CSCR)
A. Explanation of Central Serous Chorioretinopathy (CSCR)
B. Importance of Fundus Fluorescein Angiography in CSCR diagnosis

👁️ Fundus Fluorescein Angiography for Myopic degeneration
A. Explanation of Myopic degeneration
B. Importance of Fundus Fluorescein Angiography in Myopic degeneration diagnosis

👁️ Fundus Fluorescein Angiography for Angioid streaks
A. Explanation of Angioid streaks
B. Importance of Fundus Fluorescein Angiography in Angioid streaks diagnosis

👁️ Fundus Fluorescein Angiography for Miscellaneous diseases
A. Explanation of Miscellaneous diseases
B. Importance of Fundus Fluorescein Angiography in Miscellaneous diseases diagnosis

👁️ Fundus Fluorescein Angiography for Hereditary Retinal Diseases
A. Explanation of Hereditary Retinal Diseases
B. Importance of Fundus Fluorescein Angiography in Hereditary Retinal Diseases diagnosis

👁️ Fundus Fluorescein Angiography for Pseudophakic cystoid macular edema
A. Explanation of Pseudophakic cystoid macular edema
B. Importance of Fundus Fluorescein Angiography in Pseudophakic cystoid macular edema diagnosis

👁️ Fundus Fluorescein Angiography for Choroidal rupture
A. Explanation of Choroidal rupture
B. Importance of Fundus Fluorescein Angiography in Choroidal rupture diagnosis

👁️ Fundus Fluorescein Angiography for Bull’s eye maculopathy
A. Explanation of Bull’s eye maculopathy
B. Importance of Fundus Fluorescein Angiography in Bull’s eye maculopathy diagnosis

👁️ Conclusion
A. Recap of Fundus Fluorescein Angiography and its importance in eye diagnosis

👁️Introduction
- Explanation of OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography)
- Importance of OCT in diagnosing macular diseases

👁️ OCT Scans and Normal Findings
- Types of OCT scans: Tomography and Topography
- Macular scan types: Macular Line or B-scan, Macular Radial, Macular Multi or Raster, Macular Map and 3D, Enface OCT (C-scan), OCT angiography
- Normal OCT scan findings

👁️ Pathological Changes in OCT
- Common pathological changes: Changes in contour, Retinal thickening, Retinal thinning, Retinal tissues structural changes, Retinal tissue reflectivity changes
- Detailed explanation of each pathological change

👁️ Outer Retinal Tissue Structural Changes
- Common pathological changes
- Detailed explanation of each pathological change

👁️ Vitreous Reflectivity Changes
- Common pathological changes
- Detailed explanation of each pathological change

👁️ Conclusion
- Recap of the importance of OCT in diagnosing macular diseases
3rd class

👁️ Introduction
A. Brief explanation of Diabetic Macular Edema (DME)
B. Importance of monitoring DME and other non diabetic retinal vascular diseases

👁️ DME
A. Location of the edema
B. Different types of edema
C. Follow up and thickness changes of DME
D. DME &VMA and biomarkers hyper reflective foci

👁️ Non Diabetic Retinal Vascular Diseases
A. Macroaneurysm
B. Vitreomacular abnormalities
1. Epiretinal membrane
2. Full thickness macular hole (FTMH)
C. Importance of monitoring non diabetic retinal vascular diseases

👁️ Course in Clinical Application of OCT
A. Vitreomacular abnormalities - Part One
B. Vitreomacular abnormalities - Part Two
C. Importance of courses in clinical application of OCT

👁️ Conclusion
A. Recap of the importance of monitoring DME and non diabetic retinal vascular diseases
B. Final thoughts on the significance of courses in clinical application of OCT.

👁️ Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD)
A. Non-neovascular ARMD
1. Geographic atrophy
B. Neovascular ARMD
1. Pachychoroid
2. Pachychoroid complicated with occult CNVm

👁️ Pathological myopia

👁️ Hereditary diseases
A. Best vitelliform macular dystrophy

👁️ Miscellaneous diseases
A. Pathological changes post trauma 

B. PCME

👁️Introduction:
- Briefly introduce the concept of Structural EnFace OCT and its importance in evaluating structure changes that construct C-scans for each retinal layer.

👁️ Normal Findings:
- Explain the four EnFace slabs produced by OCT machines, namely ILM slab, IPL INL slab, RPE slab, and Choroidal Slab.
- Describe the normal findings for each slab and how they appear on B-scan overlay.

👁️ Artifacts:
- Describe the different types of artifacts that can occur in EnFace OCT, such as motion, blink, projection, segmentation, out of the window, masked, double, banding, and stretch artifacts.
- Outline a strategy to reduce artifacts, which includes patient selection, patient instruction, and technician training.

👁️ EnFace for Epiretinal Membrane:
- Explain how ILM slab can show areas and the number of adhesions in the case of epiretinal membrane.
- Describe the different EnFace patterns for epiretinal membrane.

👁️ EnFace for Other Conditions:
- Describe the EnFace patterns for various retinal conditions, such as pseudohole, vitreomacular traction, macular hole, DME, diabetic retinopathy, branch retinal vein occlusion, central retinal vein occlusion, retinal vein occlusion with non-perfusion, retinal vein occlusion with proliferative changes, branch retinal artery occlusion, central retinal artery occlusion, hemorrhagic retinal artery macroaneurysm, and exudative retinal artery macroaneurysm.

👁️Non-Neovascular and Neovascular AMD:
- Describe the EnFace patterns for non-neovascular and neovascular AMD.
- Mention how EnFace OCT can help in assessing the response to treatment for neovascular AMD.

👁️ Conclusion:
- Summarize the importance of Structural EnFace OCT and its applications in diagnosing and treating various retinal conditions.
- Emphasize the need for proper segmentation and artifact reduction strategies to ensure accurate EnFace image processing.

👁️ Introduction
A. Explanation of OCT angiography (OCTa)
B. Non-invasiveness of OCTa
C. Learning curve for interpreting OCTa results

👁️ Principles of OCTa in a nutshell
A. Multiple registrations of scans for the same area
B. Fast-moving and slow-moving blood cells captured through shorter or longer interscan times
C. Available in spectral-domain and swept-source OCT machines

👁️ OCTa VS FFA
A. Safety and non-invasiveness of OCTa
B. FFA only shows perfusion status of superficial layers
C. OCTa shows vascular anatomy and changes in deep capillary plexus
D. FFA shows leakage, while OCTa does not
E. OCTa won't replace FFA

👁️ Normal OCTa findings
A. SCP and DCP contain vascular networks from different depths
B. Rule out microvascular changes, capillary non-perfusion, increased vascular spaces, decreased vascular density, enlargement of FAZ, and neovascularization
C. Size of FAZ and vascular density
D. Outer retina slab and choriocapillaris slab
E. MCP and manual segmentation
F. Quantitative measurements of vessel density and flow density, and perfusion density map

👁️ Clinical applications of OCTa
A. Detecting subtle retinal neovascularization and FAZ enlargement
B. Changes in DCP shown through OCTa
C. Delineation of neovascular network through OCTa

👁️ Guide for OCTa interpretation
A. Importance of scanning the correct location

👁️ Conclusion
A. Summary of key points
B. Importance of OCTa in diagnosing and monitoring retinal diseases

👁️Introduction
- OCT angiography (OCTa) as a non-invasive method for retinal vascular diseases
- Provides details about affected layers and can reveal more details than FFA in some cases
- Limitations of OCTa in replacing FFA in all cases

👁️ Microaneurysms
- Appearance in saccular shape, more common in DCP
- Comparison of appearance on OCTa vs FFA
- Enface visualization and leakage detection

👁️ Neovascularization
- OCTa helpful in distinguishing between neovascularization and IRMA
- Detection using 8x8 mm scans
- Quantitative data for treatment effectiveness

👁️ Peripheral non-perfusion
- Progression to proliferative changes
- Detection using wide-field OCTa comparable to wide-field FFA
- Differentiation between dropout, occlusion, and deficit on FFA

👁️ Foveal avascular zone (FAZ)
- Enlargement in diabetic patients compared to healthy individuals
- Accurate measurement compared to FFA
- Vascular abnormalities and irregular outlines in DCP
- Biomarker for macular ischemia in diabetic retinopathy
- Oblong-shaped appearance in cases associated with DME

👁️ Quantitative analysis
- Decreased vessel and perfusion density in diabetic retinopathy
- Measurement using skeletonization, color-coded maps, and scan sizes
- Factors affecting vascular and perfusion density
- Relationship between vascular tortuosity, FAZ acircularity, and diabetic retinopathy progression
- Correlation between FAZ size, vessel density reduction, and visual acuity

👁️ SCP vs DCP
- Ischemic changes more common in DCP

👁️Introduction
- Brief explanation of the purpose.

👁️ OCT Angiography for Bruch's Membrane Choroidal Vasculopathy
- Definition of OCT angiography.
- Explanation of Bruch's membrane choroidal vasculopathy.
- How OCT angiography is used to diagnose and monitor Bruch's membrane choroidal vasculopathy.

👁️ Non-Neovascular AMD
- Definition of non-neovascular AMD.
- Explanation of drusen and geographic atrophy.
- How OCT angiography is used to diagnose and monitor non-neovascular AMD.

👁️ Neovascular AMD
- Definition of neovascular AMD.
- Explanation of type one, type two, and type three MNV.
- How OCT angiography is used to differentiate between active and non-active MNV.
- How OCT angiography is used to monitor treatment efficacy and follow up on MNV.

👁️ Conclusion
- Recap of the importance of OCT angiography in the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of AMD

👁️ Introduction
- Brief explanation of the purpose of B-Scan

👁️ B-Scan and Retinal Vascular Diseases
- Definition of B-scan
- Explanation of retinal vascular diseases
- Importance of B-scan in detecting and diagnosing these diseases
- Examples: Diabetic Retinopathy, Retinal Vein Occlusion, Neovascular AMD

👁️ Peripheral Retinal Diseases
- Definition of peripheral retinal diseases
- Importance of B-scan in detecting and diagnosing these diseases
- Examples: PVD, Retinal Tear, RRD, High Myopia

👁️ Endophthalmitis
- Definition of endophthalmitis
- Importance of B-scan in detecting and differentiating between infectious and sterile endophthalmitis
- Early and progressive signs of infectious endophthalmitis on B-scan
- Importance of B-scan in ruling out retained nuclear fragments and intraocular foreign bodies in complicated cases of infectious endophthalmitis

👁️ Posterior Segment Trauma
- Definition of posterior segment trauma
- Importance of B-scan in detecting and diagnosing damage caused by trauma
- Examples: choroidal detachment, vitreoretinal tractions

👁️ Conclusion
- Summary of the importance of B-scan in Retinal practice

👁️ Introduction
- Brief explanation of the purpose of Fundus Autofluorescence

👁️ Applications of Fundus Autofluorescence in different retinal diseases

👁️ Conclusion
- Summary of the importance of Fundus Autofluorescence in Retinal practice